by Manuel Fernández Rocha
* Democracy is an exception in humanity. Born in Greece 2500 years ago, some city-states like Athens. Then he gave the Roman Republic and in some Italian cities of the Middle Ages, as Florence.
In modern times there were democratic revolutions in the Netherlands in the Age XVI y en Inglaterra en el XVII. De allí pasó a Estados Unidos e Hispanoamérica en los siglos XVIII y XIX.
Por democracia entendemos el gobierno donde el pueblo tiene participación mediante el voto libre y la pluralidad de opiniones dada a través de diferentes partidos políticos. Por estos principios los cubanos lucharon durante el Siglo XIX, XX y hasta la actualidad. Los mambises luchaban con la consigna Patria y Libertad, tanto por la libertad de la colonia española como por la libertad del hombre, que es un presupuesto de la democracia, pues sin aquélla no existe ésta.
El 20 de mayo de 1902 nace en Cuba la República democrática, pero no todos los gobiernos fueron completamente democráticos. The Don Tomás Estrada Palma, José Miguel Gomez and Alfredo Zayas were individual freedom and political democracy, but in general governments Mario Garcia-Menocal and Gerardo Machado had varying degrees of authoritarianism. After the Revolution of 33 and with the Constitution of 1940 there were three democratic governments: Batista, Grau and Prio.
governments of Grau and Prio authentic greatly respected personal liberty and political democracy. The defect of all governments of the Republic, except for Estrada Palma was the administrative corruption.
On March 10, 1952, former president Batista, supported by the Army, which was generally gives a coup. From that moment a great crisis of democracy in Cuba. The coup found a weak democracy and consolidated. He started a popular student struggle against the dictatorship, which was armed and ended with Batista fled on January 1959 and the triumph of various insurgent movements, which was capitalized by the 26 July, in the figure of Fidel formed Castro government until today. As we see democracy in Cuba has had little life.
Humanity has had more freedom and democracy despotism. Despots have ruled for millennia and has been for a few centuries that democratic government is extended in this world. Is unquestionably the best form of government, but it is difficult to achieve fully. It is anti-authoritarian and anti-totalitarian, but it requires men to participate in government and in different parties consciously. Public way, but some men prefer being subjects to obey orders and not think about governing.
countries In English culture of democracy has taken root, in others less so, while there are regions where despotism reigns. There are international organizations like the UN to promote democracy. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an example of this, but some countries do not comply within its borders, saying its sovereignty, although the UN formally accepted.
totalitarian countries are now going back to the despotism of other millennia, Cuba is among them. Cuban is not free as an individual or political democracy. Unable to attach, you can not post anywhere if the government disagrees, it can not freely move house (there are countless laws and provisions permitting). The government must authorize him to travel abroad and foreign exchange charges for that. And others that would make this relationship ending. You can not study freely, if you disagree, loses his job and freedom (to survive). In general, it is an entity dependent for all of government is highly centralized, one-party and one leader (the Maximum Leader.)
What remains of democratic rights to a Cuban citizen? Dogmatic education receives government to limit university-it is for pro-government, and poor medical care until he dies. Good education and health care is in schools and hospitals to the new ruling class.
of freedom has gone. There is no division of powers. The courts comply with what the government tells them. Thus, a subject may be interned in prison for years without having committed the crime, or it may be months or years awaiting trial and then, without holding, being sent home without explanation or compensation.
The right of peaceful association of every citizen in a democracy, the subject is totally totalitarian. You can not associate freely in cultural associations, labor, sports and much less political. There is only the Communist Party of Cuba and the Union of Young Communists, who are quarrying for government officials and the state. Since we came here to be distinguished from State Government: The State is what remains, the representative of Cuba on the flag, coat of arms and anthem. The government is the government, different time and perishable. Governments change, the state remains. This usually occurs, but in Cuba, state government and party is the same thing does not change.
Many people move if they can, others survive as they can. Officials live well and the people live poorly. Those who disagree with this state of affairs, do very evil. They lost their jobs, imprisoned, government mobs attacked and repudiated. There is what Benito Juárez considered fundamental: that "respect the rights of others is peace both between individuals and between states."
The Argentine psychiatrist José Ingenieros wrote in the early twentieth century Simulation in the Struggle for Life. This writer was very influential in the first half of the twentieth century, and now the Cubans who do not know because it is published or spoken of, is in compliance with government simulation and how to survive and not for trouble. Engineers was established that greatly influenced socialist and Mella and other leftists of his day, but as he says, destroy the personality simulation, hence the unusual number of suicides and mental illnesses in Cuba. People pass through the streets talking to themselves, and when talking to someone, what they say scares. We are a sick people need freedom and democracy.
freedom and democracy is like the air we breathe: when we do not value them, and when we lose, we die. The Cuban people are surviving, not living. Survive as you can. The intellectual life is worse because there are realize what they have to do to keep the little work that supports his family and suffering from deep existential angst. They can not agree to participate in acts of repudiation of peaceful people, but some do it for fear and weakness. Why not consider and speak little and carefully. Fear is not the personality or how citizens. It is the great contradiction of the Cuban government must suppress to rule, but the government is formed with simulators that at any time will show its interior, and pass what happened in the USSR and other socialist countries are in favor of the change.
simulate or not all abide by despotism. The few who disagree, call them what they call themselves: opponents or Democrats are driven from their jobs and punished for many years. In the worst case, sentenced to death. In the 1940 Constitution was abolished by the Constituent Assembly who were elected to the best of Cuba and multi-party, which is common today in the world. It was revived in 1959 until today. The countries of the European Union and most countries in the world is abolitionist. Only few, mostly totalitarian death-penalty persists. U.S. there are states that have, as Texas, while others are abolitionists, such as California. In criminology has shown that the death penalty does not prevent crime, they have a social origin and prophylaxis which prevents society.
Small groups of Cuban democrats living in terrible conditions, prisoners who are harassed are not recorded, beaten and insulted constantly. Quick action groups may prevent the government out of your house (a kind of house arrest.)
What rights do the Cubans? They can not protest the government's decisions or express his thought. Prisoners are referred to their home for a furlough, which is a kind of house arrest, when they are very sick or there is an outcry in the world. The latest political amnesty was in May 1955; It freed on the Moncada. There has been no pardons. It can be repealed parole and imprison people again. The government is omnipotent.
Emigration, which is great, helps those who were left with money and moral support. Denounce oppression and tell the world what is happening and it is not about censorship. Independent journalists, persecuted and imprisoned, help to know something of what happens in Cuba, as there is a total censorship.
democratic groups are infiltrated by the government, he learns of any meeting and sabotage. Solidarity must be strengthened, as the fundamental principles (individual freedom, political democracy and the release of prisoners) are common, but not always this solidarity rationale is given. There have been cases of obstruction between the groups, and this benefits only the government, which promotes these divisions. If we are all repressed, we must all show solidarity and to exclude any kind of sectarianism. The world is watching us. We are few and powerless of the great Leviathan that oppresses us.
The Constitution of 1976 that made a government commission, does not support freedom of the individual. A few items taken from the 1940 Constitution are not met. In the section on rights and duties of the Constitution is an article that states that none of those rights may be used against the people's desire Cuba to build socialism. A few years ago an amendment was added which can not change anything in the Constitution of 1976, although there is an article (the 137) that indicates how to modify it. The right is void in Cuba today, and all the people, and lawyers in particular, is a farce.
When they resorted to Article 88, paragraph g), and collected 10.000 signatures to be made with a bill for a referendum, was not released, and soon after many activists were jailed and were collected twice than 10,000 signatures. Habeas corpus, which was in the 1940 Constitution, is now in the Criminal Procedure Act and not fulfilled, there are many cases (even lawyers) who have completed months and years without celebrárseles trial. Lawyers who can exercise must belong to the association of jurists, who are expelled or given no input. Decree-Law 81, which regulates the rights of lawyers is not met. We are simply in a state of helplessness.
* Democracy is an exception in humanity. Born in Greece 2500 years ago, some city-states like Athens. Then he gave the Roman Republic and in some Italian cities of the Middle Ages, as Florence.
In modern times there were democratic revolutions in the Netherlands in the Age XVI y en Inglaterra en el XVII. De allí pasó a Estados Unidos e Hispanoamérica en los siglos XVIII y XIX.
Por democracia entendemos el gobierno donde el pueblo tiene participación mediante el voto libre y la pluralidad de opiniones dada a través de diferentes partidos políticos. Por estos principios los cubanos lucharon durante el Siglo XIX, XX y hasta la actualidad. Los mambises luchaban con la consigna Patria y Libertad, tanto por la libertad de la colonia española como por la libertad del hombre, que es un presupuesto de la democracia, pues sin aquélla no existe ésta.
El 20 de mayo de 1902 nace en Cuba la República democrática, pero no todos los gobiernos fueron completamente democráticos. The Don Tomás Estrada Palma, José Miguel Gomez and Alfredo Zayas were individual freedom and political democracy, but in general governments Mario Garcia-Menocal and Gerardo Machado had varying degrees of authoritarianism. After the Revolution of 33 and with the Constitution of 1940 there were three democratic governments: Batista, Grau and Prio.
governments of Grau and Prio authentic greatly respected personal liberty and political democracy. The defect of all governments of the Republic, except for Estrada Palma was the administrative corruption.
On March 10, 1952, former president Batista, supported by the Army, which was generally gives a coup. From that moment a great crisis of democracy in Cuba. The coup found a weak democracy and consolidated. He started a popular student struggle against the dictatorship, which was armed and ended with Batista fled on January 1959 and the triumph of various insurgent movements, which was capitalized by the 26 July, in the figure of Fidel formed Castro government until today. As we see democracy in Cuba has had little life.
Humanity has had more freedom and democracy despotism. Despots have ruled for millennia and has been for a few centuries that democratic government is extended in this world. Is unquestionably the best form of government, but it is difficult to achieve fully. It is anti-authoritarian and anti-totalitarian, but it requires men to participate in government and in different parties consciously. Public way, but some men prefer being subjects to obey orders and not think about governing.
countries In English culture of democracy has taken root, in others less so, while there are regions where despotism reigns. There are international organizations like the UN to promote democracy. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an example of this, but some countries do not comply within its borders, saying its sovereignty, although the UN formally accepted.
totalitarian countries are now going back to the despotism of other millennia, Cuba is among them. Cuban is not free as an individual or political democracy. Unable to attach, you can not post anywhere if the government disagrees, it can not freely move house (there are countless laws and provisions permitting). The government must authorize him to travel abroad and foreign exchange charges for that. And others that would make this relationship ending. You can not study freely, if you disagree, loses his job and freedom (to survive). In general, it is an entity dependent for all of government is highly centralized, one-party and one leader (the Maximum Leader.)
What remains of democratic rights to a Cuban citizen? Dogmatic education receives government to limit university-it is for pro-government, and poor medical care until he dies. Good education and health care is in schools and hospitals to the new ruling class.
of freedom has gone. There is no division of powers. The courts comply with what the government tells them. Thus, a subject may be interned in prison for years without having committed the crime, or it may be months or years awaiting trial and then, without holding, being sent home without explanation or compensation.
The right of peaceful association of every citizen in a democracy, the subject is totally totalitarian. You can not associate freely in cultural associations, labor, sports and much less political. There is only the Communist Party of Cuba and the Union of Young Communists, who are quarrying for government officials and the state. Since we came here to be distinguished from State Government: The State is what remains, the representative of Cuba on the flag, coat of arms and anthem. The government is the government, different time and perishable. Governments change, the state remains. This usually occurs, but in Cuba, state government and party is the same thing does not change.
Many people move if they can, others survive as they can. Officials live well and the people live poorly. Those who disagree with this state of affairs, do very evil. They lost their jobs, imprisoned, government mobs attacked and repudiated. There is what Benito Juárez considered fundamental: that "respect the rights of others is peace both between individuals and between states."
The Argentine psychiatrist José Ingenieros wrote in the early twentieth century Simulation in the Struggle for Life. This writer was very influential in the first half of the twentieth century, and now the Cubans who do not know because it is published or spoken of, is in compliance with government simulation and how to survive and not for trouble. Engineers was established that greatly influenced socialist and Mella and other leftists of his day, but as he says, destroy the personality simulation, hence the unusual number of suicides and mental illnesses in Cuba. People pass through the streets talking to themselves, and when talking to someone, what they say scares. We are a sick people need freedom and democracy.
freedom and democracy is like the air we breathe: when we do not value them, and when we lose, we die. The Cuban people are surviving, not living. Survive as you can. The intellectual life is worse because there are realize what they have to do to keep the little work that supports his family and suffering from deep existential angst. They can not agree to participate in acts of repudiation of peaceful people, but some do it for fear and weakness. Why not consider and speak little and carefully. Fear is not the personality or how citizens. It is the great contradiction of the Cuban government must suppress to rule, but the government is formed with simulators that at any time will show its interior, and pass what happened in the USSR and other socialist countries are in favor of the change.
simulate or not all abide by despotism. The few who disagree, call them what they call themselves: opponents or Democrats are driven from their jobs and punished for many years. In the worst case, sentenced to death. In the 1940 Constitution was abolished by the Constituent Assembly who were elected to the best of Cuba and multi-party, which is common today in the world. It was revived in 1959 until today. The countries of the European Union and most countries in the world is abolitionist. Only few, mostly totalitarian death-penalty persists. U.S. there are states that have, as Texas, while others are abolitionists, such as California. In criminology has shown that the death penalty does not prevent crime, they have a social origin and prophylaxis which prevents society.
Small groups of Cuban democrats living in terrible conditions, prisoners who are harassed are not recorded, beaten and insulted constantly. Quick action groups may prevent the government out of your house (a kind of house arrest.)
What rights do the Cubans? They can not protest the government's decisions or express his thought. Prisoners are referred to their home for a furlough, which is a kind of house arrest, when they are very sick or there is an outcry in the world. The latest political amnesty was in May 1955; It freed on the Moncada. There has been no pardons. It can be repealed parole and imprison people again. The government is omnipotent.
Emigration, which is great, helps those who were left with money and moral support. Denounce oppression and tell the world what is happening and it is not about censorship. Independent journalists, persecuted and imprisoned, help to know something of what happens in Cuba, as there is a total censorship.
democratic groups are infiltrated by the government, he learns of any meeting and sabotage. Solidarity must be strengthened, as the fundamental principles (individual freedom, political democracy and the release of prisoners) are common, but not always this solidarity rationale is given. There have been cases of obstruction between the groups, and this benefits only the government, which promotes these divisions. If we are all repressed, we must all show solidarity and to exclude any kind of sectarianism. The world is watching us. We are few and powerless of the great Leviathan that oppresses us.
The Constitution of 1976 that made a government commission, does not support freedom of the individual. A few items taken from the 1940 Constitution are not met. In the section on rights and duties of the Constitution is an article that states that none of those rights may be used against the people's desire Cuba to build socialism. A few years ago an amendment was added which can not change anything in the Constitution of 1976, although there is an article (the 137) that indicates how to modify it. The right is void in Cuba today, and all the people, and lawyers in particular, is a farce.
When they resorted to Article 88, paragraph g), and collected 10.000 signatures to be made with a bill for a referendum, was not released, and soon after many activists were jailed and were collected twice than 10,000 signatures. Habeas corpus, which was in the 1940 Constitution, is now in the Criminal Procedure Act and not fulfilled, there are many cases (even lawyers) who have completed months and years without celebrárseles trial. Lawyers who can exercise must belong to the association of jurists, who are expelled or given no input. Decree-Law 81, which regulates the rights of lawyers is not met. We are simply in a state of helplessness.
* Manuel Fernández Rocha: Graduated from the University of Havana in racing history and law. Among the lawyers Agramontista living in Cuba is one of the oldest. He is founder and Chairman of the Forum for Historical Studies, and in this condition has acceded to various projects opponents, such as Concilio Cubano, the Varela Project, the Initiative for the Fatherland for All and the Assembly to Promote Civil Society. Reside in Havana.
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